Li-fittings tse tloaelehileng tsa lipeipihokela lipeipi tsamaisong ea liphaephe ka likhoele tsa screw. Ke atisa ho li bona li sebelisoa lipeiping tsa bolulo tsa bolulo, lipeipi tsa indasteri le mechine ea mechine. Lisebelisoa tsena li netefatsa likhokahano tse sireletsehileng le tse sa luleng, tse bohlokoa bakeng sa ho boloka botsitso ba litsamaiso tsa lipalangoang tsa mokelikeli. Ho feto-fetoha ha tsona ho etsa hore e be tsa bohlokoa haholo lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng.
Lintlha tsa bohlokoa
- Lisebelisoa tsa lipeipi tse nang le likhoele li thusa ho etsa likhokahano tse matla, tse sa lutleng liphaepheng tsa metsi.
- Ho khetha se loketseng ho bolela ho hlahloba thepa, khatello le litlhoko tsa mocheso.
- Lisebelisoa tse kang tšepe e sa hloekang kapa koporo li hanela mafome 'me li tšoarella nako e telele li sebelisoa.
Mefuta ea Mekhatlo e Tloaelehileng ea Pipe Fittings
Lisebelisoa tse tloaelehileng tsa liphaephe tse entsoeng ka likhoele li tla ka mefuta e fapaneng, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e etselitsoe ho sebeletsa merero e itseng ea lipeipi tsa metsi le tsa indasteri. Ka tlase, ke tla hlahloba mefuta e atileng haholo le lits'ebetso tsa bona.
Metsu
Li-elbows li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho fetola tsela ea phala. Lisebelisoa tsena li tla ka li-angles tse fapaneng, tse kang 45 ° le 90 °, ho lumellana le mekhoa e fapaneng ea tsamaiso. Mohlala, setsoe sa 90° se tsamaisa hantle, ha setsoe sa 45° se fana ka phetoho e bonolo. Lisebelisoa tsena li sebelisoa haholo lipeiping tsa bolulo le liphaephe tsa indasteri ho ntlafatsa sebaka le ho netefatsa phallo e boreleli ea mokelikeli.
Keletso: Ha u khetha litsoe, nahana ka ho sebelisana le liphaephe tsa hau ho thibela kutu kapa ho senyeha ha nako e ntse e ea.
Litlhapi
Liino li bōpehile joaloka tlhaku "T" 'me li na le lithapo tse tharo. Li lumella phala e le 'ngoe hore e arole mehala e 'meli e arohaneng, e leng se etsang hore e be sebaka se loketseng bakeng sa ho aba maro kapa likhase. Mohlala, li-tee li sebelisoa hangata lits'ebetsong tsa HVAC ho arola phallo ea moea kapa marang-rang a kabo ea metsi ho lebisa metsi libakeng tse ngata.
Likopano
Li-couplings li kopanya liphaephe tse peli hammoho, ho netefatsa hore ho na le motsoako o sireletsehileng le o sa lutleng. Lisebelisoa tsena li fumaneha ka lisebelisoa tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa tšepe e sa hloekang le tšepe ea carbon, ho tsamaisana le litlhoko tse fapaneng tsa kopo. Teko ea khatello ea Hydraulic e bonts'itse hore li-couplings tsa boleng bo holimo li boloka ho lutla ha zero tlas'a maemo a feteletseng, ho etsa hore li tšepahale bakeng sa litsamaiso tse phahameng tsa khatello.
Li-caps le li-plug
Li-caps le li-plug li sebelisetsoa ho tiisa lipheletsong tsa liphaephe. Li-caps li lekana bokantle ba phala, ha li-plug li kenngoa ka hare ho phala. Lisebelisoa tsena li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho koala likarolo tsa lipeipi tse sa sebelisoeng nakoana kapa ka ho sa feleng, ho thibela ho lutla kapa ho silafala.
Ba fokotsang
Li-reducers li kopanya liphaephe tsa li-diameter tse fapaneng, ho etsa bonnete ba hore ho na le phetoho e boreleli pakeng tsa bona. Li tla ka mefuta e 'meli e meholo: li-concentric reducers, tse lumellanang le liphaephe tse bohareng, le li-eccentric reducers, tse fokotsang li-centerlines. Lisebelisoa tse kentsoeng hantle li fokotsa moferefere le ho theoha ha khatello, li ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea sistimi liindastering tse kang oli le khase, kalafo ea metsi le HVAC.
- Melemo ea Bohlokoa ea Bafokoli:
- Ntlafatsa phallo ea mokelikeli ka ho fokotsa moferefere.
- Ntlafatsa katleho ea matla lits'ebetsong tsa HVAC.
Li-flange
Li-flange ke lisebelisoa tse sephara, tse chitja tse sebelisetsoang ho hokahanya liphaephe, li-valve kapa lisebelisoa tse ling. Li koaletsoe hammoho 'me li tiisitsoe ka li-gaskets ho etsa motsoako o tiileng. Li-flange li sebetsa hantle haholo libakeng tse nang le khatello e phahameng, joalo ka liphaephe tsa oli tse ka tlas'a leoatle, moo ho tšoarellang le ho hanyetsa ho lutla ho leng bohlokoa. Lisebelisoa tse kang tšepe e sa hloekang ea duplex le tšepe ea alloy li netefatsa hore lisebelisoa tsena li mamella maemo a feteletseng.
| Mofuta oa Boitsebiso | Boemo ba Kopo | Likarolo tsa Bohlokoa |
|---|---|---|
| Duplex Stainless Steel | Liphaephe tsa Oli tsa Subsea | Ho hanyetsa ho hotle ho corrosion le khatello ea maikutlo. |
| Alloy Steel (SA-182 F316L) | Libaka tsa Khatello e Phahameng | Matla a phahameng le ho tiea bakeng sa likhatello tse feteletseng. |
Lifapano (Four-Way Fittings)
Lifapano, tse tsejoang hape e le li-four-way fittings, li na le li-outlet tse 'nè tse hlophisitsoeng ka sebopeho sa sefapano. Lisebelisoa tsena li sebelisetsoa ho arola phala e le 'ngoe ka makala a mararo, e leng se etsang hore e be molemo mekhoeng e rarahaneng ea lipeipi. Ka mohlala, lifapano li atisa ho sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tsa ts'ireletso ea mollo ho aba metsi ho mela e mengata ea ho fafatsa.
Hlokomela: Lifapano li lokela ho kenngoa ka hloko ho qoba khatello ea maikutlo, e ka fokolisang tsamaiso ea liphaephe ka nako.
Ka ho utloisisa likarolo tse ikhethang le ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsena, u ka khetha mofuta o nepahetseng bakeng sa litlhoko tsa hau tse ikhethang. Lisebelisoa tse tloaelehileng tsa liphaephe tse nang le likhoele li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho netefatsa ts'ebetso le ts'epahalo ea lipeipi tsa metsi le liindasteri.
Lits'ebetso tsa Lisebelisoa tsa Liphaephe tsa Threaded
Lisebelisoa tsa liphaephe tse nang le likhoele ke likarolo tse feto-fetohang tse fumanang lits'ebetso ho liindasteri tse fapaneng. Bonolo ba bona ba ho kenya, ho boloka litšenyehelo, le ho ikamahanya le maemo ho etsa hore e be tsa bohlokoa haholo lits'ebetsong tse ngata. Ka tlase, ke tla hlahloba tšebeliso ea bona libakeng tsa bohlokoa.
Mekhoa ea Bolulo ea Liphaephe
Lipeiping tsa bolulo, liphaephe tse kentsoeng ka likhoele li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa phepelong ea metsi le khase. Hangata ke li bona li sebelisoa ho hokela lipeipi tsa kichine, liphaposi tsa ho hlapela le tsamaiso ea metsi a ka ntle. Bokhoni ba bona ba ho theha manonyeletso a sa lutleng ho netefatsa polokeho le katleho ea lipeipi tsa malapa. Ka mohlala, li-couplings le litsoe li atisa ho sebelisoa ho atolosa liphaephe kapa ho fetola tsela ea tsona libakeng tse thata.
Keletso: Kamehla khetha li-fittings tse entsoeng ka thepa e thibelang ho bola joalo ka tšepe e sa hloekang kapa koporo bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea nako e telele lits'ebetsong tsa bolulo.
Mekhoa ea liphaephe tsa indasteri
Mehaho ea indasteri e itšetlehile haholo ka liphaephe tse kentsoeng ka khoele bakeng sa ho tsamaisa maro, lik'hemik'hale le likhase. Lisebelisoa tsena li bohlokoa haholo maemong a khatello e itekanetseng moo ho feto-fetohang le tlhokomelo ho hlokahalang. Ke bone tšebeliso ea bona e atileng lifemeng tsa tlhahiso, moo li-reducers le li-tee li thusang ho laola marang-rang a rarahaneng a lipeipi.
| Mofuta oa Kopo | Tlhaloso |
|---|---|
| Litsamaiso tsa Liphaephe | E sebelisoa haholo litsing tsa bolulo le tsa khoebo bakeng sa lipeipi tsa metsi le khase. |
| Mekhoa ea Tlhahiso ea Liindasteri | E sebelisoa ha ho etsoa limela bakeng sa mekhoa ea lipalangoang tsa lik'hemik'hale kapa metsi tlas'a khatello e itekanetseng. |
Bokhoni ba ho arola le ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tsena hape bo eketsa katleho ea bona ea litšenyehelo, haholo maemong a matla a indasteri.
Sistimi ea HVAC
Lisistimi tsa ho futhumatsa, tsa moea le tsa moea (HVAC) li ipapisitse le liphaephe tse kentsoeng ka khoele bakeng sa likhokahano tse sireletsehileng le tse tenyetsehang. Lisebelisoa tsena li nolofatsa ho kenya li-ductwork le liphaephe, ho netefatsa hore moea o phalla hantle le taolo ea mocheso. Ke hlokometse hore li-flange le li-tee li tumme haholo lits'ebetsong tsa HVAC, kaha li lumella ho lokisoa le ho lokisoa habonolo.
Hlokomela: Li-fittings tse kentsoeng ka mokhoa o nepahetseng lits'ebetsong tsa HVAC li ka fokotsa tahlehelo ea matla haholo le ho ntlafatsa katleho ea sistimi ka kakaretso.
Lipeipi tsa Oli le Khase
Lisebelisoa tsa liphaephe tse nang le likhoele li bohlokoa liphaepheng tsa oli le khase, haholo-holo likarolong tse nang le khatello e tlase. Li kopanya liphaephe ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng ha li ntse li khomarela litekanyetso tse tiileng tsa polokeho le tikoloho. Mohlala, indasteri ea oli le khase ea Alberta e latela melaoana e kang CSA Z662 le API 5L ho netefatsa botšepehi ba lipeipi.
- Litekanyetso tsa bohlokoa tsa ho lumellana li kenyelletsa:
- CSA Z662 bakeng sa moralo le tlhokomelo ea lipeipi.
- API 5L bakeng sa lipeipi tsa tšepe tse se nang moroallo le tse cheselitsoeng.
- ASME B31.3 bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa lipeipi tsa tšebetso libakeng tsa ho hloekisoa.
Lisebelisoa tsena li boetse li fana ka ts'ebeliso e ncha, e kenyang letsoho ho bolokeng litšenyehelo le ho tšoarella lekaleng la oli le khase.
Mekhoa ea Tšireletso ea Mollo
Lits'ebetsong tsa ts'ireletso ea mollo, lisebelisoa tsa liphaephe tse kentsoeng li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hokahanya likhoele tsa ho fafatsa le likarolo tse ling. Bokhoni ba bona ba ho amohela liphetoho le tokiso bo etsa hore e be khetho e ratoang tšimong ena. Liphuputso li bonts'a hore li-fittings tse kentsoeng li sebetsa ka mokhoa o ts'epahalang tlas'a maemo a ho sisinyeha ha lefatše, 'me ho na le ho lutla ho fokolang esita le maemong a phahameng a ho hoholeha.
| Liphuputso | Lintlha |
|---|---|
| Leakage Performance | Ha ho na ho lutla likopanong tse cheselitsoeng ka karolelano ea 4.3%; ho lutla ho honyane ha liphaephe tse kentsoeng ka khoele ho 2.2%. |
| Maikutlo a Boithuto ba Seismic | E tsepamisitse maikutlo holim'a li-joints tsa tee tse nang le likhoele, tse senolang matla a ho potoloha le litšobotsi tse fokolang. |
Ho tšepahala hona ho tiisa hore mekhoa ea tšireletso ea mollo e lula e sebetsa nakong ea maemo a tšohanyetso, ho sireletsa bophelo le thepa.
Mekhoa ea Metsi a Pholisa ea Liindasteri
Lisebelisoa tsa liphaephe tse nang le likhoele li sebelisoa haholo lits'ebetsong tsa metsi a pholileng a indasteri ho laola phallo ea metsi ho li-exchangers tsa mocheso le litora tse pholileng. Bokhoni ba bona ba ho sebetsana le khatello e itekanetseng le ho fapana ha mocheso ho etsa hore e be tse loketseng bakeng sa kopo ena. Ke bone lisebelisoa le lifapano li sebelisoa haholo ho ntlafatsa kabo ea metsi le ho boloka ts'ebetso ea sistimi.
Ho feto-fetoha ha lisebelisoa tsena ho lumella ho lokisoa habonolo le ho ntlafatsa, ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e sa sitisoeng lits'ebetsong tsa bohlokoa tsa ho pholisa.
Ka ho utloisisa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa liphaephe tse kentsoeng ka likhoele, nka ananela bohlokoa ba tsona ho netefatsa ts'ebetso le ts'epahalo ea litsamaiso tse fapaneng. Ho ikamahanya le maemo le ts'ebetso ea bona li ba etsa motheo oa mekhoa ea sejoale-joale.
Melemo le Melemo ea ho Fittings Pipe ea Threaded
Melemo
Lisebelisoa tsa liphaephe tse nang le likhoele li fana ka melemo e 'maloa e etsang hore e be khetho e tummeng ho li-plumbing le mekhoa ea indasteri. Ntlha ea pele, boiketlo ba bona ba ho kenya bo hlahella. Ke fumane hore lisebelisoa tsena ha li hloke lisebelisoa tse khethehileng kapa welding, e leng ho nolofatsang kopano le ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa basebetsi. Karolo ena e li etsa hore li tšoanelehe bakeng sa merero moo mathata a nako le tekanyetso a leng bohlokoa.
Molemo o mong ke ho sebelisoa hape. Ho fapana le likhokahano tse cheselitsoeng, li-fittings tse nang le likhoele li ka qhaqhoa le ho sebelisoa hape ntle le ho senya liphaephe. Ho feto-fetoha ha maemo hona ho bonahala ho le bohlokoa haholo lits'ebetsong tse hlokang ho fetoloa khafetsa kapa ho lokisoa. Mohlala, lits'ebetsong tsa metsi a pholileng a indasteri, ke bone lisebelisoa tse kentsoeng li sebelisoa khafetsa nakong ea ntlafatso ea sistimi, li boloka nako le lisebelisoa.
Li-fittings tse nang le likhoele li sebetsa hantle haholo lits'ebetsong tsa khatello e itekanetseng. Bokhoni ba bona ba ho theha likhokahano tse sireletsehileng, tse sa luleng, li netefatsa ts'epahalo ea lipeipi tsa bolulo, lits'ebetso tsa HVAC, le libaka tse ling moo khatello e feteletseng e seng taba. Ho phaella moo, ho fumaneha ha tsona ka thepa e sa tšoaneng, tse kang tšepe e sa hloekang le koporo, ho lumella ho lumellana le mekhoa e fapaneng ea liphaephe.
Keletso: Kamehla khetha li-fittings tse entsoeng ka thepa e sa jeng ho matlafatsa ts'ebetso le ts'ebetso e tšoarellang.
Mefokolo
Ho sa tsotellehe melemo ea bona, lisebelisoa tsa liphaephe tse nang le khoele li na le mefokolo e lokelang ho nahanoa. Liteko tse laoloang le litlhahlobo tsa lipalo-palo li bonts'itse litšitiso tse 'maloa, joalo ka ha ho bontšitsoe tafoleng e ka tlase:
| Bothata | Tlhaloso |
|---|---|
| Kotsi ea ho senya mokhathala | Lisebelisoa tse nang le likhoele ha lia lokela ho sebelisoa bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse kotsi ka lebaka la kotsi ena. |
| Ho lutla ka lebaka la mocheso o potlakileng le liphetoho tsa khatello | Liphetoho tsa tšohanyetso li ka senya botšepehi ba lisebelisoa. |
| E tloaetse ho atolosoa ke koung kapa ho petsoha ka lebaka la ho tiea ho feta tekano | Ho tiisa ho feta tekano ho ka lebisa ho hloleheng ha sebopeho. |
| Bothata ba ho tsamaisa lisebelisoa tse ling bakeng sa ho kopanya | Sena se ka thatafatsa ho kenya le ho hlokomela. |
| Tšilafatso e tsoang ho mafura a sebelisoang ho tiisa | Lisebelisoa li ka silafatsa tsamaiso ea lipeipi, tsa baka likotsi. |
| Ha e loketse lits'ebetso tsa khatello e phahameng | Li-fittings tse nang le likhoele ha li khothalletsoe bakeng sa litsamaiso tse phahameng tsa khatello. |
| Ha e khothalletsoe libakeng tse senyang le tse khoholehang kapa ka libaesekele | ASME B31.3 e eletsa khahlanong le tšebeliso ea bona maemong ana. |
Mefokolo ena e totobatsa bohlokoa ba ho khetha se loketseng bakeng sa ts'ebeliso. Ka mohlala, ke qoba ho sebelisa li-fittings tse nang le likhoele tse tlas'a khatello e phahameng kapa tse senyang, kaha ts'ebetso ea tsona e ka 'na ea se ke ea finyella litekanyetso tsa tšireletso. Mekhoa e nepahetseng ea ho kenya, e kang ho qoba ho tiisa ho feta tekano, e ka boela ea fokotsa tse ling tsa litaba tsena.
Ka ho utloisisa matla le bofokoli ba lipeipi tse tloaelehileng tsa likhoele, nka etsa liqeto tse nang le tsebo tse netefatsang ts'ebetso le polokeho ea sistimi.
Mokhoa oa ho Khetha Phaephe e Loketseng e Loketseng
Ho khetha peipi e kentsoeng ka khoele e nepahetseng ho hloka ho shebisisa lintlha tse 'maloa ka hloko. Qeto e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e ama ts'ebetso ea sistimi, ho tšoarella, le polokeho. Ka tlase, ke tla u tataisa ho latela lintlha tsa bohlokoa tseo u lokelang ho li hlahloba.
Nahana ka Tšebelisano ea Pipe Material
Thepa ea ho kenya e tlameha ho lumellana le phala le mokelikeli oo e tla o jara. Ka mohlala, tšepe e sa hloekang e hanela ho bola ka har'a mekhoa ea metsi, ha koporo e sebetsa hantle ha ho sebelisoa mocheso o itekanetseng. Kamehla ke khothaletsa ho khetha lisebelisoa tse hananang le ho senyeha ho bakoang ke maemo a tikoloho joalo ka mongobo kapa ho pepeseha ha lik'hemik'hale.
Keletso: Sebelisa li-fittings tse entsoeng ka tšepe ea tšepe e ka tšeptjoang bakeng sa lipeipi tse akaretsang, kaha li finyella litekanyetso tse kang BS EN 10242 le ISO 49:1994 bakeng sa ho tšoarella le ho sebetsa.
Hlahloba Litlhoko tsa Khatello le Mocheso
Lisebelisoa tse nang le likhoele li tlameha ho mamella khatello e phahameng ea sistimi le mocheso. Bakeng sa maemo a boima, ke itšetlehile ka data ea ts'ebetso ho netefatsa polokeho le katleho.
| Standard | Tlhaloso |
|---|---|
| BS EN 10242 | Litlhoko tsa moralo le ts'ebetso bakeng sa tšepe ea tšepe e hahang. |
| ISO 49:1994 | Tekanyetso ea machaba ea litekanyetso tsa khatello/thempereichara. |
Ka mohlala, lisebelisoa tsa koporo li sebetsana le mocheso ho fihlela ho 80 ° C, ha lisebelisoa tsa mouoane li ka 'na tsa hloka lisebelisoa tse kenyelitsoeng bakeng sa 10 bar ho 180°C. Kamehla sheba lichate tsa PT ho fetola litekanyetso tsa khatello bakeng sa liphetoho tsa mocheso.
Khetha Mofuta o Nepahetseng oa Khoele le Boholo
Mofuta oa khoele le boholo li bohlokoa bakeng sa likhokahano tse sireletsehileng. Likhoele tsa NPT, ka moralo oa tsona o tepeletseng, li netefatsa ho tiisoa ha khatello. Lits'oants'o tsa boholo li thusa ho tsamaisana le lipeipi, ho qoba ho lutla kapa ho se tsamaisane hantle.
| Mofuta oa Khoele | Boholo | Bophara ba monna (mm) | Bophara ba Basali (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| BSP | 1/8″ | 9.73 limilimithara | 9.05 limilimithara |
| BSP | 1/4″ | 13.16 limilimithara | 12.1 limilimithara |
| NPT | 1/8″ | 9.73 limilimithara | 9.25 limilimithara |
| NPT | 1/4″ | 13.46 limilimithara | 12.85 limilimithara |
Hlokomela: Likhoele tsa BSP li na le angle ea 55 °, ha likhoele tsa NPT li na le 60 ° taper. Khetha ho latela litlhoko tsa sistimi ea hau.
Lekola Tikoloho ya Tshebediso (mohlala, Ka tlung vs. Outdoor)
Lintlha tsa tikoloho joalo ka ho fetoha ha mocheso, ho pepeseha ha UV, le mongobo li susumetsa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng. Bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa ka ntle, ke khetha lisebelisoa tse thibelang ho bola joalo ka galvanized steel kapa stainless steel. Lisebelisoa tsa ka hare hangata li lumella ho fetoha ha lintho tse ngata, tse kang ho sebelisa koporo kapa PVC.
Ka ho lekola lintlha tsena, o ka khetha lisebelisoa tse kentsoeng lipeipi tse netefatsang ts'epahalo, polokeho le ts'ebetso ea sistimi ea hau.
Lisebelisoa tse tloaelehileng tsa liphaephe tse entsoeng ka likhoele li sebetsa e le likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsamaisong ea lipeipi le indastering. Ho feto-fetoha ha tsona le ho ts'epahala ho etsa hore e be tsa bohlokoa haholo lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng, ho tloha ho lipeipi tsa bolulo ho isa liphaepheng tsa oli. Kamehla ke khothaletsa ho lekola litlhoko tse khethehileng tsa sistimi ea hau pele u khetha li-fittings. Sena se tiisa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng, polokeho, le nako e telele projekeng e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe.
LBH
Ke lisebelisoa life tse sebelisoang haholo bakeng sa liphaephe tsa khoele?
Lisebelisoa tsa liphaephe tse nang le likhoele li atisa ho etsoa ka tšepe e sa hloekang, koporo, tšepe ea carbon, le tšepe e entsoeng ka tšepe e bonolo. Ntho e ngoe le e ngoe e lumellana le lits'ebetso tse ikhethileng tse ipapisitseng le ho tšoarella le ho lumellana.
A na liphaephe tse kentsoeng ka khoele li ka sebetsana le litsamaiso tsa khatello e phahameng?
Li-fittings tse nang le likhoele li sebetsa hantle haholo lits'ebetsong tsa khatello e itekanetseng. Bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse nang le khatello e phahameng, ke khothaletsa ho sebelisa likhokahano tse cheselitsoeng kapa tse nang le flanged bakeng sa polokeho e ntlafalitsoeng le ts'epo.
Nka thibela joang ho lutla liphaepheng tse kentsoeng ka khoele?
Ke lula ke sebelisa li-sealants tsa likhoele joalo ka tepi ea Teflon kapa dope ea pipe. Li-sealant tsena li koala likheo pakeng tsa likhoele, li netefatsa hore ho na le khokahanyo e tiileng, e sa lutleng.
Keletso: Qoba ho tiisa ho feta tekano ho thibela khoele ho senyeha kapa ho peperana.
Nako ea poso: Jun-04-2025